Examples

Appositive phrase:

"The man, my neighbour, bought a new car."

my neighbour renames the man 

Absolute phrase:

"He looked at me, his hands shaking the whole time."

his hands is the subject/noun
shaking is the participle
the whole time is the modifier
his hands shaking the whole time is the absolute phrase

Participle phrase:

The broken car needed to get repaired as soon as possible.

broken modifies the car